We quantified changes in tree structure (cover, density, and basal area) and in the abundance and diversity of ground-layer vegetation based on species' habitat associations and growth forms. We examined 26 yr of vegetation change (1983–2009) across 20 forest-meadow ecotones spanning a range of landforms/hydrologies and elevations (montane and subalpine) in the Three Sisters Biosphere Reserve, Oregon (USA). Understanding how vegetation changes are shaped by long-term interactions with trees and are mediated by the physical environment is critical to predicting future trends in biological diversity across these landscapes. Forest-meadow ecotones are prominent and dynamic features of mountain ecosystems.
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